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In Canada, the Royal Over-Seas League produced a series of storefront posters urging folks on the home front to contribute to “Canada’s Tobacco Fund.”īy the Second World War, more sophisticated forms of inspiration were emerging. Some 14 million cigarettes were handed out each day to American doughboys alone. In the First World War, daily rations of rum and tobacco were distributed to help calm the nerves of sailors at sea-a long navy tradition-and soldiers in the trenches. By the turn of the century, a million Americans had so-called “soldier’s disease.” Civil War addicted to what was then considered the wonder drug morphine.
Historians estimate that 400,000 soldiers returned from the U.S. Especially in the past, when their properties were not fully understood. The effects of performance-enhancing substances can last well beyond their intended use, often with unforeseen effects. Other scholars propose they used the poisonous plant henbane. A toxicologist explained they made users believe they had morphed into an animal. He attributed the Vikings’ inspiration to amanita mushrooms. They bit their shields, howled like wolves and slaughtered wholesale, according to Kamienski. It was said to have compounded their strength, erased their humanity and dulled their pain. Zulus would use psilocybin mushrooms and cannabis in the form of a snuff.īut none rivalled the fearsome Vikings who, their enemies believed, were imbued with a fury imparted by their god Odin. As for narcosis, Kamienski says an altered state of mind is simply required to kill. Leaders manipulate and obfuscate the truth to coerce nations to fight in their name. Military historian John Keegan was once asked the question: why do soldiers fight? “Inducement, coercion, narcosis,” he replied.ĭehumanizing training regimens provide the inducement. Stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines have been used to create better soldiers by improving stamina, overcoming sleeplessness, eliminating fatigue and boosting fighting spirit.ĭowners such as alcohol, opiates, morphine, heroin, marijuana and barbiturates have addressed with varying success the soldier’s greatest enemy-shattered nerves. Kamienski argues that since the beginning of organized combat, armed forces have prescribed drugs to their members for two reasons: to enhance performance during combat and to counter the trauma of killing and witnessing violence. He describes mushroom-crazed Viking raiders, Inca warriors hopped up on coca leaves, American Civil War soldiers hooked on morphine and the speed-driven, blitzkrieging Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany. In his 2016 book Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War, Polish historian Lukasz Kamienski traces the use of drugs as enhancers of military capabilities. The use of stimulants and other drugs as means of motivating and sustaining armies dates to antiquity. Terrorists who fought Indian commandos in Mumbai for 60 hours without food or sleep a decade ago were trained on steroids and relied on cocaine and other stimulants to stay awake, even through injury.In Somalia, pirates and fighters alike chew khat, a plant common in the Horn of Africa and known for its stimulating properties.Warring factions in Syria are known to take an amphetamine called Captagon, or fenethylline.Some ISIS fighters reportedly use a methamphetamine-like psychostimulant in their brutal quest to create a global caliphate steroids were found at an ISIS training centre in Mosul in 2016.
Child soldiers fighting for Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front consumed a mixture of marijuana, cocaine and hallucinogenic drugs, including “brown-brown,” a snorted blend of cocaine and gunpowder.The use of performance-enhancing drugs has a long history in war, both as a product of state-sanctioned programs and illicit use by participants.Īggression, energy and alertness have always been critical to any warfighter, but artificial means of achieving and maintaining a state of combat readiness have evolved-or devolved, as the case may be-and possibly spread in recent decades: Air Force/Senior Airman Kristin High (RELEASED)
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